Clinical Biochemistry: Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

Comprehensive and high analytical resolution analysis of lipid, inflammatory, genetic and hemodynamic biomarkers applied to the stratification and therapeutic management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

What it covers

1. Structure and Biophysical Classification of Lipoproteins
2. Dynamics of Plasma Lipid Metabolic Pathways
3. · The Exogenous Route (Enterohepatic)
4. · The Endogenous Way
5. Reverse Cholesterol Transport and HDL Biology
6. Pathophysiology of Atherosclerotic Plaque
7. Classic Lipid Profile: Cholesterol, Triglycerides and HDL-c
8. · Total Cholesterol (TC)
9. · Triglycerides (TG)
10. · High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c)
11. Analytical Stratification of LDL: Mathematical Estimation vs. Direct Measurement
12. · Classical Friedewald Equation (1972)
13. · Martin-Hopkins Adaptive Equation (2013)
14. · Sampson equation (2020)
15. Non-HDL Cholesterol and Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol
16. · Non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-c)
17. · Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol (c-RLP)
18. Apolipoprotein B (ApoB): Immunological Determination and Clinical Advantage
19. · ApoB-100 vs. ApoB-48: Biogenesis and Distribution
20. · Analytical Quantification Methods
21. Apolipoprotein A-I and the ApoB/ApoA-I Ratio
22. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]: An Independent Genetic Risk Factor
23. · Tripartite Pathogenicity Mechanism
24. · Standardization and Measurement Challenges
25. High Sensitivity C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)
26. · Kinetics and Biochemical Regulation
27. · Analytical Differentiation: conventional PCR versus hs-PCR
28. Plaque Destabilizing Enzymes: Lp-PLA2 and Myeloperoxidase
29. · Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)
30. · Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
31. Soluble Adhesion Molecules and Hyperhomocysteinemia
32. · Soluble Adhesion Molecules
33. · Hyperhomocysteinemia
34. High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponins (hs-cTn): Its role in long-term prediction
35. · Analytical Definition of "High Sensitivity"
36. Natriuretic Peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP) in Cardiovascular Prediction
37. · Biogenesis and Molecular Synthesis
38. · Risk Stratification and Subclinical Heart Failure
39. Markers of Myocardial Fibrosis and Remodeling: sST2 and Galectin-3
40. · ST2 soluble (sST2)
41. · Galectin-3
42. The Cardiorenal Axis: Kidney Function and Urinary Albumin
43. · Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) using Creatinine and Cystatin C
44. · Microalbuminuria and Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (UACR)
45. Family Hypercholesterolemia (FH): Molecular Diagnosis
46. · Genetic Bases and Driver Mutations
47. Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS)
48. Pharmacogenomics Applied to Cardiovascular Therapeutics
49. · Clopidogrel Metabolism and CYP2C19 Variants
50. · Pharmacogenetics of Statins and Myopathy associated with SLCO1B1
51. Mathematical Risk Prediction Models: SCORE2 and ASCVD
52. · European SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP Model (2021)
53. · ASCVD Grouped Cohort Equations (AHA/ACC)
54. Preanalytical, Analytical and Intraindividual Variables
55. · Effect of Fasting against the Postprandial State
56. · Intraindividual Biological Variability and Critical Difference (RCV)
57. Coronary Calcium and Risk Reclassification Strategies (CAC)
58. · The Coronary Calcium Scale (Agatston Score)
59. Advanced Pharmacological Modulators: PCSK9 Inhibition
60. · Molecular Physiology of the PCSK9-LDLR Axis
61. · Innovative Therapeutic Approaches
62. New Therapeutic Frontiers and Gene Silencing
63. · ANGPTL3 inhibition: Evinacumab
64. · APOC3 silencing: Volanesorsen and Olezarsen
65. · Pelacarsen: Antisense Oligonucleotide against Lp(a)