Geriatrics: Introduction and General Principles

Geriatrics: Introduction and General Principles — Clinical Reference

How it begins

Geriatrics is the medical specialty dedicated to the study, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of diseases in the elderly, with special attention to the differential characteristics that aging imposes on the presentation, evolution and management of the disease, as well as the preservation of functionality, autonomy and quality of life.

What it covers

1. 1. Definition, Scope and History
2. · 1.1 Historical Review
3. · 1.2 The Elderly: Age Definition and Heterogeneity
4. 2. Demographics of Aging
5. · 2.1 Global Epidemiology
6. · 2.2 Demographic and Epidemiological Transition
7. 3. Biology of Aging
8. · 3.1 Theories of Aging
9. 4. Hallmarks of Aging
10. · 4.1 Epigenetics of Aging: Biological Clocks
11. 5. Physiological Changes of Aging
12. · 5.1 Cardiovascular System
13. · 5.2 Respiratory System
14. · 5.3 Renal System
15. · 5.4 Nervous System
16. · 5.5 Musculoskeletal System
17. · 5.6 Endocrine System
18. · 5.7 Immunosenescence
19. 6. Geriatric Syndromes
20. 7. Fragility
21. · 7.1 Conceptual Models of Fragility
22. · 7.2 Pathophysiology of the Frailty Cycle
23. · 7.3 Frailty Screening Tools
24. 8. Sarcopenia
25. · 8.1 Diagnostic Criteria (EWGSOP2, 2018)
26. · 8.2 Pathophysiology
27. · 8.3 Interventions
28. 9. Delirium
29. · 9.1 Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5)
30. 10. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (VGI)
31. 11. Functional Evaluation
32. · 11.1 Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)
33. · 11.2 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
34. · 11.3 Gait and Balance Assessment
35. 12. Cognitive and Affective Evaluation
36. · 12.1 Cognitive Evaluation
37. · 12.2 Affective Evaluation
38. 13. Nutritional Evaluation
39. · 13.1 Nutritional Changes of Aging
40. · 13.2 Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)
41. · 13.3 Nutritional Biomarkers
42. 14. Pharmacology in the Elderly
43. · 14.1 Pharmacokinetic Changes
44. · 14.2 Pharmacodynamic Changes
45. 15. Polypharmacy and Deprescription
46. · 15.1 Beers Criteria (AGS 2023)
47. · 15.2 STOPP/START Criteria (v3, 2023)
48. · 15.3 The Prescription Cascade
49. · 15.4 Deprescription
50. 16. Ethical Principles in Geriatrics
51. · 16.1 Bioethical Principles in the Geriatric Context
52. · 16.2 Advance Directives / Advance Wills
53. · 16.3 Therapeutic Effort Limitation (LET)
54. 17. Prevention and Health Promotion
55. · 17.1 Levels of Prevention in the Elderly
56. · 17.2 Vaccination in the Elderly
57. · 17.3 Physical Activity in the Elderly: Prescription
58. 18. Geriatric Care Models