Imaging: Introduction and General Principles

Imaging · Clinical Bases

How it begins

Diagnostic imaging is the discipline that uses various forms of energy – ionizing radiation, magnetic fields, ultrasound – to generate visual representations of the human body for diagnostic, therapeutic and monitoring purposes. Understanding its physical principles is essential for correct interpretation, rational indication and patient protection.

What it covers

1. History of Medical Imaging
2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Energy in Imaging
3. · The Dual Nature of X-rays
4. X-Rays: Tube Physics and Radiation Production
5. · The X-ray Tube: Anatomy and Function
6. · The Anodic Effect (Heel Effect)
7. Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
8. · Scattered Radiation (Scatter): The Great Enemy of the Image
9. Radiographic Image Formation
10. · Detector Systems: Evolution from Film to Digital
11. · Radiological Densities: The 5 Basic Contrasts
12. · Exposure Index (EI) in Digital Radiology
13. Image Quality: Parameters and Optimization
14. Fluoroscopy: Real-Time Image
15. · Technology: From Image Intensifier to Flat Panel
16. Mammography: Physical Principles and Advances
17. · Differential Technical Characteristics
18. · 3D Mammography (Tomosynthesis) and Spectral Contrast
19. Computed Tomography (CT): Physical Principles and Generations
20. · Generations of the TC
21. · CT Image Reconstruction: From Filtered Rear Projection to AI
22. · Hounsfield Units (HU): The TC Gray Scale
23. · Windowing (Window): How to View the TC
24. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Physics and Modalities
25. · Physical Principles of Ultrasound
26. · Ultrasound Modes
27. Magnetic Resonance (MRI): Nuclear Physics and Sequences
28. · Fundamental Physical Principles
29. · Fundamental MR Sequences
30. Nuclear Medicine: SPECT, PET and Radiopharmaceuticals
31. · Basic Concepts of Radioactivity
32. · Gamma camera and SPECT
33. · PET/CT: The Molecular Imaging with the Greatest Clinical Impact
34. Dose, Biological Effects and Radiological Protection
35. · Dosimetric Magnitudes and Units
36. · Biological Effects of Radiation
37. · Radiation Protection Principles (CIPR)
38. Contrast Media: Types, Mechanisms and Complications
39. Artifacts in Medical Imaging: Recognition and Causes
40. Digital Image, PACS, DICOM and Artificial Intelligence
41. · The DICOM Standard
42. · PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System)
43. · Artificial Intelligence in Imaging NEW
44. Interventional Radiology: Principles and Applications
45. · Vascular Procedures
46. · Non-Vascular Procedures