Cellular Injury — General Pathology

General Pathology · Basic Sciences

How it begins

Cells are in a state of dynamic homeostasis, maintaining their structure and function within a physiological range through continuous adaptive mechanisms. When stress exceeds the adaptive capacity of the cell, cell injury occurs.

What it covers

1. Cellular Injury
2. Concept and Spectrum of Cellular Injury
3. · The Cellular Response Spectrum
4. · Cellular Adaptations — Sublethal Stress Responses
5. Causes of Cellular Injury
6. Cellular Stress Response
7. · Folding Stress Response (UPR — Unfolded Protein Response)
8. · Response to Heat Shock Proteins (HSP)
9. Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Injury
10. · 1. ATP depletion
11. · 2. Alteration of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis
12. · 3. Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
13. · 4. Membrane Damage
14. · 5. Damage to DNA and Proteins
15. Reversible Lesion — Morphology
16. · Reversible vs. Irreversible Injury Markers
17. Necrosis — Pathological Cell Death
18. · Morphological Changes in Necrosis
19. · Morphological Types of Necrosis
20. · Programmed Necrosis — Regulated Forms of Necrotic Death
21. Apoptosis — Programmed Cell Death
22. · Caspases — The Engine of Apoptosis
23. · Intrinsic Pathway (Mitochondrial)
24. · Extrinsic Pathway (Death Receptors)
25. · Physiological Apoptosis — When the Cell Should Die
26. · Pathological Apoptosis — Excess or Defect
27. Autophagy — The Cell Devours Itself
28. Other Forms of Cell Death
29. Intracellular Accumulations
30. · Steatosis — Lipid Accumulation
31. · Protein Accumulation
32. · Glycogen Accumulation
33. · Pathological Pigments
34. Pathological Calcification
35. Cellular Aging
36. · Theories and Molecular Mechanisms of Aging
37. · Integrative Summary — Cellular Injury
38. · Bibliographical References