Acute Kidney Injury — Internal Medicine · Expert Reference

Internal Medicine · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

KDIGO definition, pathophysiology by compartment, special clinical contexts, biomarkers of tubular damage, renal replacement therapy and transition to CKD.

What it covers

1. Definition and staging: KDIGO 2012 criteria
2. · KDIGO 2012 diagnostic criteria
3. · KDIGO staging — Three stages
4. Epidemiology, mortality and global impact
5. · Key epidemiological data
6. · Causes of AKI according to the clinical context
7. Etiological classification: prerenal, intrinsic and postrenal
8. Prerenal AKI: pathophysiology and differential diagnosis
9. · Glomerular autoregulation mechanisms and their failure
10. · Tubular response to hypoperfusion — Urine as a mirror of hemodynamic status
11. · Situations that distort urinary rates
12. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN): ischemic and toxic
13. · Pathophysiology of ischemic ATN — Evolutionary phases
14. · Mechanisms of persistent vasoconstriction in ATN
15. · Toxic ATN — Main agents and mechanisms
16. Glomerular, vascular and interstitial AKI: intrinsic non-tubular AKI
17. · Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) — Glomerular AKI
18. · Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) — Hemolytic vascular AKI
19. · Cholesterol embolism — AKI in the vascular patient undergoing surgery
20. Posrenal AKI: urinary tract obstruction
21. · Pathophysiology of urinary obstruction
22. AKI in sepsis: the most lethal renal syndrome
23. · Pathophysiology of septic AKI — Beyond ischemia
24. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS): functional AKI in cirrhosis
25. · Pathophysiology — The splanchnic vasodilation hypothesis
26. · Classification and diagnostic criteria (EASL 2018)
27. AKI due to rhabdomyolysis: diagnosis and aggressive resuscitation
28. · Causes of rhabdomyolysis
29. · Aggressive fluid resuscitation — The mainstay of treatment
30. AKI in pregnancy: specific causes and management
31. · Specific causes of AKI in pregnancy
32. AKI in oncology: tumor lysis syndrome and other causes
33. · Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)
34. Classical and functional markers of kidney function
35. · Creatinine, urea and cystatin C
36. Biomarkers of tubular damage: the new diagnostic generation
37. Urinary sediment and complementary diagnostic studies
38. · Urinary sediment as a "liquid biopsy" of the kidney
39. Hemodynamic management and nephroprotection in AKI
40. · Restoration and optimization of renal perfusion
41. · General nephroprotective measures
42. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) in AKI
43. · TRR modalities available
44. Indications for urgent dialysis in AKI
45. · Absolute indications (emergency) — AEIOU Mnemonics
46. AKI → CKD transition and clinical correlations
47. · The AKI-to-CKD transition — An underestimated risk
48. · Mechanisms of the AKI-to-CKD transition
49. · Post-AKI follow-up — KDIGO recommended protocol
50. · Problem cases: differential diagnosis of AKI