Diagnostic Methods in Endocrinology

Diagnostic Methods in Endocrinology — Internal Medicine

How it begins

Comprehensive analysis of endocrinological diagnostic methods: hormonal laboratory principles, dynamic stimulation and suppression tests, functional and molecular imaging techniques, and integrated clinical interpretation of all hormonal axes.

What it covers

1. General Principles of Endocrinological Diagnosis
2. · Analytical techniques in hormonal laboratories
3. Basal Hormonal Laboratory: Extraction Conditions
4. Dynamic Tests: General Principles
5. Somatotropic Axis: GH and IGF-1
6. · Diagnosis of GH Deficiency in adults
7. · Diagnosis of GH Excess: Acromegaly
8. Gonadal Axis: FSH, LH and GnRH Test
9. · GnRH (or Leuprorelin) Stimulation Test
10. Corticotropic Axis: ACTH, Cortisol and HPA Axis Tests
11. · HPA Axis Laboratory
12. · Metyrapona test
13. Prolactin: Diagnosis and Screening of Macroprolactinemia
14. · Causes of hyperprolactinemia and its differential diagnosis
15. ADH / Vasopressin: Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus and SIADH
16. · Water Restriction Test (Water Deprivation Test — WDT)
17. · SIADH Diagnosis
18. Thyroid Function: Systematic Interpretation of the Thyroid Axis
19. · Situations that dissociate the TSH-T4L axis (non-standard interpretation)
20. Thyroid Autoimmunity: Antibodies and Their Interpretation
21. Thyroid Imaging and Biopsy: Ultrasound and FNAC
22. · Ultrasound classification systems for thyroid nodules
23. · FNAC (Fine Needle Puncture-Aspiration) and Bethesda System
24. Thyroid Uptake, Scintigraphy and PET
25. · Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RaIU)
26. · Scintigraphy with Technetium-99m (⁹⁹ᵐTc-pertechnetate)
27. · PET/CT with ¹⁸F-FDG and ¹²⁴I in Thyroid Cancer
28. Study of the Adrenal Cortex: Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Axis
29. · Adrenal Androgens
30. Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome
31. · Stage 1: Confirmation of hypercortisolism
32. · Stage 2: Etiological Diagnosis of Cushing's Syndrome
33. Adrenal Insufficiency: Diagnosis and Stimulation Tests
34. · Synthetic ACTH Stimulation Test (Synacthen®) — Gold test for primary IS
35. · Diagnosis of Primary IS vs. Secondary
36. Primary Hyperaldosteronism (PAH): Stepwise Diagnosis
37. Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Biochemical Diagnosis and Imaging
38. · Biochemical diagnosis: choice of analyte
39. · Image in pheochromocytoma
40. Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes
41. · Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Indications and Technique
42. · HbA1c: Limitations and Situations Requiring Blood Glucose
43. Insulin, C Peptide and Assessment of β Cell Function
44. Hypoglycemia Study: Prolonged Fasting Test and Others
45. · 72 Hour Fasting Test (Insulinoma Gold Standard)
46. Calcium Metabolism and Diagnosis of its Disorders
47. Intact PTH, Vitamin D and Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia
48. · Parathyroid hormone (PTH) intact (1–84)
49. · Vitamin D: 25(OH)D and 1.25(OH)₂D
50. Bone Densitometry (DXA) and Clinical Interpretation
51. · Interpretation of the T-score and Z-score
52. · Measurement locations and their clinical relevance
53. Bone Remodeling Markers
54. Image in Endocrinology: Indications by System
55. · Adrenal CT: incidentaloma characterization criteria
56. Endocrine Nuclear Medicine: Key Scans
57. · Parathyroid scan with ⁹⁹ᵐTc-MIBI
58. · Octreotide / ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE PET scintigraphy
59. Genetic Diagnosis in Endocrinology