Neurodegeneration — General Pathology · Expert Level

General Pathology · Basic Sciences

How it begins

Molecular mechanisms of progressive neuronal death, pathology of proteinopathies, pathogenic signaling pathways and clinicopathological correlations in the main neurodegenerative diseases.

What it covers

1. Neuro degeneration
2. 01 —— Introduction and Fundamental Concepts
3. · 1.1 Classification Based on Accumulated Protein
4. · 1.2 Selective Neural Vulnerability
5. 02 —— Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Death
6. · 2.1 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
7. · 2.2 Dysfunction of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS)
8. · 2.3 Autophagy — Macroautophagy, Microautophagy and CMA
9. · 2.4 Synaptic Toxicity and Loss of Plasticity
10. · 2.5 Oxidative Stress and Redox Dysfunction
11. · 2.6 Excitotoxicity
12. 03 —— Proteostasis and Proteinopathies
13. · 3.1 Thermodynamics of Protein Misfolding
14. · 3.2 Aggregation Sequence: Monomer → Oligomer → Fiber → Plate
15. · 3.3 The Key Proteins in Neurodegeneration
16. 04 —— Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration
17. · 4.1 Respiratory Chain Complexes as Targets
18. · 4.2 The Role of Mitochondrial Calcium
19. · 4.3 Mitochondrial Biogenesis — PGC-1α
20. 05 —— Neuroinflammation and Gliopathy
21. · 5.1 Microglia — From Homeostatic State to Pathological Activation
22. · 5.2 Reactive Astrocytes (Astrogliosis)
23. · 5.3 NLRP3 Inflammasome — The Pathological Turn of Inflammation
24. · 5.4 The Blood-Brain Barrier in Neurodegeneration
25. 06 —— Alzheimer's disease
26. · 6.1 Neuropathology — The Two Defining Injuries
27. · 6.2 The Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis (Hardy & Higgins, 1992)
28. · 6.3 Genetics of AD
29. · 6.4 Biomarkers — AT(N) Framework
30. · 6.5 Treatment — From Symptoms to Disease Modification
31. 07 —— Parkinson's disease
32. · 7.1 Neuropathology
33. · 7.2 Braak staging for PD
34. · 7.3 Genetics of PD
35. · 7.4 Pharmacological Treatment of PD
36. 08 —— Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
37. · 8.1 Genetics of ALS
38. · 8.2 Specific Pathogenic Mechanisms of ALS
39. · 8.3 Treatment of ALS
40. 09 —— Huntington's disease
41. · 9.1 Neuropathology
42. · 9.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity of Mutated Huntingtin (mHTT)
43. · 9.3 Treatment
44. 10 —— Prion Diseases
45. · 10.1 Diagnosis of Prion Diseases
46. 11 —— Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
47. · 11.1 Clinical Variants
48. 12 —— Lewy Body Dementia (Lewy Body Dementia)
49. 13 —— PSP, MSA and Other Synucleinopathies/Tauopathies
50. 14 —— Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCAs)
51. 15 —— Genetics and Epigenetics of Neurodegeneration
52. · 15.1 Types of Genetic Variants
53. · 15.2 Epigenetics in Neurodegeneration
54. 16 —— Biomarkers in Neurodegeneration
55. · 16.1 Biomarkers in CSF
56. · 16.2 Biomarkers in Plasma — The New Frontier
57. 17 —— Prion Propagation — The Pan-Neurodegenerative Concept
58. · 17.1 Intercellular Transfer Mechanisms
59. 18 —— Transversal Therapeutic Strategies
60. · 18.1 Active and Passive Immunotherapy
61. · 18.2 Gene Therapies and Antisense Oligonucleotides
62. · 18.3 Proteostasis Targets
63. · 18.4 Metabolic Neuroprotection
64. 19 —— Frontiers of Knowledge in Neurodegeneration
65. · 19.1 Cellular Senescence in the CNS
66. · 19.2 Liquid Phase Condensates and Phase Transitions
67. · 19.3 Intestinal Microbiota and Neurodegeneration
68. · 19.4 Artificial Intelligence and Neurodegeneration