Syncope

Syncope — Internal Medicine

How it begins

Clinical evaluation, mechanisms of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow, cardiovascular risk stratification and therapy based on international clinical guidelines.

What it covers

1. Syncope
2. Definition and General Physiopathology
3. · Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
4. · Mechanisms of Acute Hemodynamic Failure
5. Etiological Classification
6. Reflex Syncope (Neural Mediation)
7. · Pathophysiology of Vasovagal Syncope: The Bezold-Jarisch Reflex
8. · Physiological Classification of the Reflex Response
9. · Situational Syncope
10. · Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity (CAH)
11. Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Hypotension (OH)
12. · Physiology of Normal Orthostatic Adaptation
13. · Mechanism of Neurogenic Orthostatic Failure
14. Clinical Variants of Orthostatic Hypotension
15. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Syncope
16. Arrhythmogenic Causes of Syncope
17. · 1. Bradyarrhythmias
18. · 2. Tachyarrhythmias
19. · 3. Channelopathies and Genetic Arrhythmias
20. Structural and Mechanical Cardiac Causes
21. · 1. Calcified Severe Aortic Stenosis
22. · 2. Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
23. · 3. Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE)
24. Differential Diagnosis of Transient Loss of Consciousness
25. · Psychogenic Pseudosyncope (PSP)
26. Clinical History and Exhaustive Physical Examination
27. · Systematic History by Phases of the Episode
28. · Strict Methodology for Orthostatic Pressure Taking
29. · Carotid Sinus Massage (CSM): Safe Protocol
30. Risk Stratification in Emergencies
31. · Risk Stratification Criteria (ESC Guides 2018)
32. · Clinical Risk Prediction Scales
33. Non-Invasive and Invasive Diagnostic Tests
34. · 1. Tilt Table Test
35. · 2. Continuous Electrocardiographic Monitoring
36. · 3. Electrophysiological Study (EEF)
37. Therapeutic Strategies
38. · 1. Reflex and Vasovagal Syncope
39. · Indication of Pacemaker Stimulation in Reflex Syncope
40. · 2. Syncope due to Orthostatic Hypotension (OH)
41. · 3. Syncope of Cardiac Origin
42. Syncope in Special Populations and Legal Implications
43. · 1. Syncope in the Elderly: The Challenge of Unexplained Falls
44. · 2. Syncope in the Athlete
45. · 3. Legal Regulations and Vehicle Driving