Applied Clinical Biochemistry: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

Comprehensive analysis of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of PCOS, its specific hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory and ovarian biomarkers, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, comorbidities and therapeutic response.

What it covers

1. Definition and Epidemiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as an Endocrine-Metabolic Disorder
2. · 1.1 Diagnostic Criteria: History, Evolution and Discordances
3. Molecular Pathophysiology Insulin Resistance, Hyperandrogenism and Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
4. · 2.1 Insulin Resistance in PCOS: Specific Molecular Mechanisms
5. · 2.2 Hyperandrogenism: Ovarian and Adrenal Origin
6. · 2.3 Dysfunction of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian (HPO) Axis
7. · 2.4 Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation as a Systemic Amplifier
8. Hormonal Biomarkers LH/FSH, Androgens, SHBG and Free Androgen Index
9. · 3.1 LH, FSH and the LH/FSH Ratio
10. · 3.2 Total and Free Testosterone: The Central Marker of Hyperandrogenism
11. · 3.3 DHEA-S and Androstenedione: Adrenal Androgen Markers
12. · 3.4 SHBG and the Free Androgen Index (FAI)
13. · 3.5 17-OH-Progesterone: Differential Diagnosis with non-Classical HCA
14. · 3.6 Estradiol, Progesterone, Prolactin and TSH
15. Specific Ovarian Biomarkers Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH): The Biochemical Marker of PCOS
16. · 4.1 AMH: Biology, Production and Role in PCOS
17. · 4.2 Inhibin B, Inhibin A and Activin in PCOS
18. Metabolic Biomarkers Insulin, HOMA-IR, OGTT, Lipid Profile and Adipokines
19. · 5.1 Serum Insulin and HOMA-IR: Quantification of Insulin Resistance
20. · 5.2 OGTT, HbA1c and the Glycemic Spectrum in PCOS
21. · 5.3 Lipid Profile: The Atherogenic Dyslipidemia of PCOS
22. · 5.4 Adipokines: Leptin, Adiponectin and Resistin in PCOS
23. Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress hsCRP, Cytokines, PAI-1 and Markers of Oxidative Damage
24. · 6.1 Inflammatory Biomarkers in PCOS
25. · 6.2 Oxidative Stress in PCOS
26. Biochemical Differential Diagnosis Hormonal Panel to Exclude Pathologies that Simulate PCOS
27. Comorbidities and Long-Term Risks T2DM, Cardiovascular Risk, Endometrium and Mental Health
28. · 8.1 Risk of T2DM and Metabolic Syndrome
29. · 8.2 Cardiovascular Risk: Subclinical Biomarkers
30. · 8.3 Oncological Risk: Endometrial Hyperplasia and Carcinoma
31. · 8.4 Mental Health and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
32. Treatment and Therapeutic Response Follow-up Biomarkers: Metformin, Inositol, OAC and Lifestyle Change
33. · 9.1 Lifestyle Change: The First Line Treatment
34. · 9.2 Metformin: Biochemical Mechanism and Response Biomarkers
35. · 9.3 Inositol: Biochemistry and Evidence
36. · 9.4 Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs): Effects on Biomarkers
37. Emerging and Future Biomarkers Kisspeptin, microRNAs, Metabolomics and Precision Medicine in PCOS
38. · 10.1 Kisspeptin: The Neuropeptide Regulator of the HPO Axis
39. · 10.2 Circulating microRNAs: Epigenetic Biomarkers of PCOS
40. · 10.3 Metabolomics and Proteomics: Molecular Fingerprint of PCOS
41. · 10.4 Pentraxin 3 and Other Emerging Vascular Biomarkers
42. · Integrative Synthesis: PCOS as a Paradigm of Applied Clinical Biochemistry