Clinical Biochemistry of Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles | Treaty of Critical Medicine and Surgery

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

Detailed and exhaustive study of the cellular, structural and molecular biology of extracellular vesicles. Methodological analysis for its isolation, analytical characterization using state-of-the-art biophysical techniques, and its profound clinical relevance in translational oncology, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration and regenerative medicine.

What it covers

1. Extracellular Vesicles
2. Taxonomy, General Classification and Cellular Origin of Extracellular Vesicles (EV)
3. · 1.1 · Taxonomic Classification of Vesicular Populations
4. · 1.2 · Evolutionary Importance of Vesicular Intercellular Communication
5. Exosome Biogenesis Mechanisms: The ESCRT-Dependent Pathway
6. · 2.1 · Sequential Recruitment and Cargo Sorting
7. · 2.2 · ESCRT-III Polymerization and Cleavage Mechanism (Abscission)
8. ESCRT-Independent Biogenesis Pathways and Direct Ectosome Budding
9. · 3.1 · Ceramide Dynamics and Spontaneous Curvature of the Bilayer
10. · 3.2 · The Role of Tetraspanins in the Organization of Membrane Microdomains
11. · 3.3 · Biochemistry of Ectosome Budding in the Plasma Membrane
12. The Lipid Bilayer of Extracellular Vesicles: Composition and Biophysical Properties
13. · 4.1 · Lipid Enrichment and Structure in "Rafts" or Lipid Rafts
14. · 4.2 · Biophysical Properties: Transition Temperature and Stability
15. The Proteomic Landscape of Extracellular Vesicles: Key and Signature Proteins
16. · 5.1 · Signature Tetraspanins and their Molecular Interaction
17. · 5.2 · Rab Family GTPases and SNARE Fusion Machinery
18. The Nucleic Acid Cargo of EVs: Interference RNA and DNA
19. · 6.1 · RNA Selection and Classification Mechanisms (RNA Sorting)
20. · 6.2 · Characterization of Intratumoral RNA Species and Epigenetic Functionality
21. EV Physical Isolation Methodologies: Differential Ultracentrifugation
22. · 7.1 · Sequential Differential Ultracentrifugation Protocol (dUC)
23. · 7.2 · Density Gradient Fractionation (Sucrose vs. Iodixanol)
24. Advanced Purification Techniques: Molecular Exclusion Chromatography
25. · 8.1 · Biophysical Principle of Chromatographic Separation
26. · 8.2 · Comparison of Performance and Purity of Isolation Methods
27. · 8.3 · Innovative Isolation Methodologies
28. Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization Techniques of EVs
29. · 9.1 · ATN Principle and the Stokes-Einstein Equation
30. · 9.2 · High Resolution Microscopy (TEM, Cryo-TEM, AFM)
31. Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication and EV Internalization
32. · 10.1 · Primary Interaction Pathways on the Cell Surface
33. Role of EVs in Oncogenesis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
34. · 11.1 · Reprogramming of the Tumor Microenvironment
35. · 11.2 · Modulation of E-Cadherin Loss and Snail/Twist Activation
36. Construction of the Pre-Metastatic Niche and Organotropism
37. · 12.1 · Metastatic Organotropism Mediated by Vesicular Integrins
38. · 12.2 · Systemic Immunosuppression and Remote Immune Evasion
39. Cardiovascular Physiopathology and Thrombogenesis
40. · 13.1 · EV of Platelet Origin as Initiators of Thrombus and Atherosclerosis
41. · 13.2 · Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Cardiac Remodeling
42. Neurobiology and Propagation of Proteopathies in the CNS
43. · 14.1 · Propagation of Beta-Amyloid and Tau Protein Oligomers in Alzheimer's
44. Clinical Biochemistry and Applications of EVs in Liquid Biopsy
45. · 15.1 · Characterization of Clinical Diagnostic Biofluids
46. Analytical Interferences, Standardization and MISEV Guides
47. · 16.1 · Interferences from Chylomicrons, VLDL, Albumin and Tamm-Horsfall
48. · 16.2 · Marker Categories According to the MISEV Guides
49. Exosomes as Therapeutic Delivery Vectors
50. · 17.1 · Advantages of EVs over Synthetic Liposomes
51. · 17.2 · Surface Engineering Modifications (Surface Engineering)
52. Pharmaceutical Regulation, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Clinical Challenges
53. · 18.1 · Challenges in Mass Production: Hollow Fiber Bioreactors
54. · 18.2 · Regulatory Challenges and Biological Potency Testing
55. · 18.3 · Key Principles in the Clinical Biochemistry and Pathophysiology of EVs