Clinical Biochemistry and Advanced Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

The glomerular filtration barrier (BFG) is a highly specialized trilaminar structure located in the renal corpuscle, whose main function is the production of a plasma ultrafiltrate practically free of proteins, maintaining an extremely high hydraulic conductivity. Its selectivity depends on two fundamental physical properties of the molecules: their molecular size (selectivity of…

What it covers

1. The Glomerular Filtration Barrier
2. · Biophysical Determinants of Filtration
3. Renal Hemodynamics and Autoregulation
4. · 1. The Myogenic Reflex (Bayliss Effect)
5. · 2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback (FTG)
6. · Effects of Drugs on Glomerular Hemodynamics
7. Molecular Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
8. · 1. Prerenal AKI (Prerenal Hyperazotemia)
9. · 2. Parenchymal AKI (Intrinsic) — Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
10. · Exogenous and Endogenous Nephrotoxicity
11. · 3. Postrenal (Obstructive) AKI
12. Biochemical Biomarkers of AKI (Structural Damage)
13. Classical Biomarkers and their Advanced Biochemical Interpretation
14. · Serum Creatinine: Dynamics and Limitations
15. · Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and its Tubular Reabsorption
16. · Sodium Excretion Fraction (FE Na)
17. Molecular Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
18. · 1. Adaptive Glomerular Hyperfiltration Model (Brenner Effect)
19. · 2. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Tubulointerstitial Fibrogenesis
20. Biochemical Staging and Multidimensional Prognosis (KDIGO Guides)
21. · Evolution of Estimation Formulas: CKD-EPI 2021
22. Mineral and Bone Metabolism Disorders (MBD-CKD)
23. · The Endocrine Axis FGF-23 — Klotho
24. · Pathophysiology of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT)
25. · Vascular Calcification and Calciphylaxis
26. Acid-Base Balance Alterations of Renal Origin
27. · 1. Proximal Bicarbonate Reabsorption
28. · 2. Ammoniogenesis and Excretion of Ammonium (NH₄⁺)
29. · 3. Distal Acidification (Intercalated Type α Cells)
30. Hydroelectrolyte and Osmoregulation Disorders in CKD
31. · 1. Loss of Concentration and Dilution Capacity: Isostenuria
32. · 2. Pathophysiology of Hyperkalemia and its Cardiac Effects
33. Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
34. · 1. Physiology of Erythropoietin (EPO) Synthesis and Oxygen Regulation
35. · 2. Hepcidin and Inflammation: Functional Iron Deficiency Anemia
36. Uremic Syndrome and Uremic Toxins
37. · 1. Small Water-soluble Molecules (500 Da)
38. · 2. Medium Molecules (500 Da)
39. · 3. Protein-Bound Toxins (TUP)
40. · Transport Mechanism and Tissue Toxicity of TUP
41. Glomerulopathies: Clinical-Biochemical Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes
42. · Pathophysiology of Metabolic Changes in Nephrotic Syndrome
43. · Pathophysiology of Inflammation in Nephritic Syndrome
44. Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD)
45. · 1. Metabolic Pathways of Cellular Injury
46. · 2. SGLT2-Mediated Hemodynamic Pathophysiology
47. Hypertensive Nephropathy (Nephroangiosclerosis)
48. Hereditary Cystic Nephropathies (ADPKD)
49. · Pathophysiology of the Primary Cilium and Calcium Dysfunction
50. Cardiorenal and Hepatorrenal Syndromes
51. · 1. Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS)
52. · 2. Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)
53. Pathophysiology of Kidney Support (Dialysis and Transplant)
54. · 1. Biophysics of Hemodialysis
55. · 2. Physiology of Peritoneal Dialysis
56. · 3. Immunobiology of Kidney Graft Rejection
57. Laboratory Analytical Methodologies in Renal Biochemistry
58. · 1. Serum Creatinine Determination Assays
59. · 2. Measurement of the Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (CAC / UACR)
60. Integrated Differential Diagnosis Algorithm of Nephropathies