Biochemistry: Metabolic Integration

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

Metabolism does not operate in isolated pathways, but as a dynamic, integrated and finely regulated system that responds to nutritional, hormonal and energetic signals. Understanding their integration is understanding cellular and systemic physiology in its entirety.

What it covers

1. Metabolic Integration
2. Introduction and Principles of Metabolic Integration
3. · Fundamental Thermodynamic Principles
4. · Compartmentalization: The Structural Basis of Integration
5. Central Metabolic Pathways and their Interconnections
6. · Acetyl-CoA: The Great Metabolite of Encrucijada
7. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen
8. · Glycolysis: Cytosolic Catabolism of Glucose
9. · Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
10. · Gluconeogenesis: Hepatic and Renal Glucose Synthesis
11. · Glycogen Metabolism
12. Lipid Metabolism: β-Oxidation, Lipogenesis and Ketogenesis
13. · β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
14. · De Novo Lipogenesis
15. · Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
16. Amino Acid Metabolism: Catabolism, Urea Cycle and Integration
17. · Amino Acid Catabolism: Destinies of the Carbon Skeleton
18. · Transamination and Oxidative Deamination
19. · Urea Cycle: Nitrogen Elimination
20. · Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA)
21. Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
22. · The Krebs Cycle (TCA/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
23. · Electronic Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
24. Integrating Molecules: Signals of the Metabolic State
25. · NAD⁺ as Coenzyme, Signal and Epigenetic Substrate
26. Metabolic Integration by Organs: Tissue Specialization
27. Hormonal Regulation of Integrated Metabolism
28. Metabolic States: From Postprandial to Prolonged Fasting
29. Interorgan Metabolic Cycles
30. AMPK and mTORC1: The Master Sensors of Cellular Energy
31. · AMPK: The Energy Deficit Sensor
32. · mTORC1: The Energy Excess Sensor
33. Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Resistance: Biochemical Basis
34. · Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (T1DM): Absolute Insulin Deficiency
35. · Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): Insulin Resistance and β Cell Dysfunction
36. · Chronic Biochemical Complications of Hyperglycemia
37. Ketosis, Ketoacidosis and Ketone Bodies: Biochemistry and Clinical Presentation
38. · Ketosis Spectrum
39. · Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
40. Metabolic Syndrome: Pathological Integration
41. Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Biochemical Principles
42. Metabolic Integration in Physical Exercise and Intermittent Fasting
43. · Exercise Metabolism: Use of Fuels According to Intensity
44. · The "Crossover Concept" and Metabolic Flexibility
45. · Training Adaptations: Mitochondrial Biogenesis and PGC-1α
46. · Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction: Molecular Mechanisms