Internal Medicine: Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Internal Medicine · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

Molecular pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, organic complications and updated therapeutic strategies of the metabolic pandemic of the 21st century.

What it covers

1. Epidemiology, History and Magnitude of the Problem
2. · The Metabolic Pandemic: Global Figures
3. · Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence and Impact
4. · Brief Conceptual History
5. · The Concept of "Obesity as a Disease" — Paradigm Change 2025
6. Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine and Immune Organ
7. · Functional Types of Adipose Tissue
8. · Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) vs. Subcutaneous (SAT): Key Metabolic Differences
9. · Adipokines: Endocrine Signals of the Adipose Tissue
10. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Balance
11. · Hypothalamic Intake Control Centers
12. · Gastrointestinal Hormones for Appetite Regulation
13. · Food Addiction and Reward System
14. · Components of Total Energy Expenditure (GET)
15. Pathophysiology of Obesity: Multifactorial Etiology
16. · Genetic and Epigenetic Factors
17. · Secondary Obesities: Endocrine Causes
18. · Gut Microbiota and Obesity
19. · Inflammation of the Adipose Tissue: The Pathophysiological Core
20. Classification and Diagnosis of Obesity
21. · Body Mass Index (BMI): Usefulness and Limitations
22. · Limitations of BMI and Complementary Metrics
23. · Obesity Phenotypes: Beyond BMI
24. Metabolic Syndrome: Comparative Diagnostic Criteria
25. · Current Diagnostic Criteria: Harmonized Consensus (2009)
26. · Historical Comparison of Diagnostic Criteria
27. Insulin Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms
28. · Normal Insulin Signaling and its Blockages
29. · Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Insulin Signaling
30. · Tissues Affected by IR and Specific Consequences
31. · Evaluation of IR in Clinical Practice
32. Cardiovascular Complications of Obesity and MS
33. · Accelerated Atherosclerosis in MS: The Atherogenic Lipidogram
34. · Endothelial Dysfunction: The Initial Injury
35. · High blood pressure in the MS
36. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Prediabetes and the Glycemic Continuum
37. · From Normal Phenotype to T2DM: The Pathophysiological Continuum
38. · Diagnostic Criteria for T2DM and Prediabetes (ADA/ALAD 2024)
39. · Mechanism of β Cells in MS: Glycolipotoxicity
40. MAFLD / MASLD: Metabolic Fatty Liver
41. · Pathogenesis of MASLD: "Multiple Hits" Model
42. · Histological Staging (SAF System / NASH CRN System)
43. · Non-Invasive Diagnosis of MASLD
44. Systemic Complications of Obesity
45. Treatment: Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
46. · Weight Loss Goals: Effects According to Percentage Achieved
47. · Dietary Intervention
48. · Physical Exercise in Obesity and SM
49. Pharmacotherapy of Obesity: Era of Incretins
50. · Drugs on the Horizon: Triple Agonists and Innovations
51. Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery
52. · Indications for Bariatric Surgery (IFSO/SECO/SEEDO 2022, ADA 2024)
53. · Main Procedures
54. · Mechanisms of Metabolic Benefit of Surgery: Beyond Weight