Internal Medicine — Adrenal Pathology

Internal Medicine · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

Adrenal insufficiency, Cushing's syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, congenital hyperplasia, incidentaloma and malignant adrenal tumors.

What it covers

1. Anatomy and physiology of the adrenal gland
2. · Adrenal cortex — Three areas with different hormones
3. · Adrenal medulla
4. Steroid hormone synthesis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
5. · Adrenal steroidogenesis
6. · The HPA axis and cortisol regulation
7. · The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
8. Primary adrenal insufficiency: Addison's disease
9. · Etiology
10. · Clinical manifestations of primary ISR
11. Secondary and tertiary ISR: central cortisol deficiency
12. Adrenal crisis: endocrine emergency
13. · Precipitating factors of adrenal crisis
14. · Clinical Presentation and treatment of adrenal crisis
15. Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency
16. · Diagnostic algorithm
17. · Chronic SRI replacement therapy
18. Cushing syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical presentation
19. · Etiopathogenic classification
20. · Clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome
21. Diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: three-stage algorithm
22. · Stage 1 — Demonstration of hypercortisolism
23. · Stage 2 — Determination of ACTH dependence
24. · Stage 3 — Location in the ACTH-dependent (pituitary vs. ectopic differentiation)
25. Treatment of Cushing's syndrome
26. · Treatment by etiology
27. · Steroidogenesis inhibitor drugs
28. Primary hyperaldosteronism (PAH): Conn syndrome and variants
29. · Etiology
30. · Diagnosis of PAH — Three stages
31. · Treatment of PAH
32. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: the tumor of hypertensive crises
33. · The "rule of 10" (updated)
34. · Clinical presentation
35. · Biochemical diagnosis and imaging
36. · Treatment
37. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): 21-hydroxylase deficiency
38. · Pathophysiology of 21-hydroxylase deficiency
39. · Treatment of CAH due to 21-OHase deficiency
40. Adrenal incidentaloma: evaluation and management criteria
41. · Evaluation of adrenal incidentaloma
42. · Surgical criteria in incidentaloma
43. Adrenocortical carcinoma (AAC)
44. · Diagnostic and staging characteristics
45. · Treatment of Adrenocortical Carcinoma
46. Clinical correlations and highly complex differential diagnosis
47. · Hypokalemia of endocrine cause — Differential diagnosis
48. · Resistant HTN of endocrine etiology — When to suspect and study
49. · Differential diagnosis of "pseudo-Cushing"